Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Essay -- Environmental, Environm

Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Environmental issues are becoming a growing concern for the world as well as for the world's leaders. Pollution, littering and the burning of fossil fuels are all problems that have drastically affected humans over the past few years. Impure drinking water, radiation, less ecological diversity and cancer are a few of such harms that the world has experienced. However, one of the most prominent concerns is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, a natural occurrence, is turning deadly with the introduction of humans and carbon emissions and is slowly heating up the world. In future years this could cause catastrophic consequences. Rising global temperatures threatens the very existence of the world's population, making global warming an issue that has no territorial boundaries, every country is contributing to the problem and will inevitably suffer the consequences. As this is a global problem the interest of many world leaders was brought fourth. Eventually they came together to address this dilemma and come up with a solution to it. What officials are currently at odds with is how to implement the protocol that was reached in Kyoto Japan in 1997. This protocol made by world leaders is one of the first world wide efforts to try and resolve current environmental problems. The ratification of which, would have a huge beneficial impact on generations to come. The Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3) was held in Kyoto, Japan from the first to the tenth of December 1997. The conference had more than 2,500 participants, 3,000 Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) and 4,000 press representatives in attendance. Discussions l... ...sultations. Despite world efforts Bush still claimed that the protocol is "fatally flawed," and bad for the economy. The European Union has been highly active in the efforts to get the protocol ratified and in working order. British environmentalist Michael Meacher said, "It's a beautiful day for the environment. It's a huge leap to have achieved a result on this very complex international negotiation." Up to this date 30 countries have ratified the pact. This very complex world issue is something which desperately needed, and got, attention. The future of the world and the existence of all living things are at stake. The Kyoto Protocol is on attempt to create a more environmentally sound world. There are flaws and the U.S. remains unchanging it its decision not to ratify it but a step has been taken and without a first step nothing will ever get very far.

English investigation Essay

Introduction: For this project I am going to analyse how women and men behave when using language in casual situations? There have been many previous research finding and conclusions about gender and conversational behaviour. For example Jennifer Coates identified two approaches, which she describes as dominance and difference. Jennifer Coates was a writer to wrote about the language differences between men and women. Dominance argues that because women occupy a less powerful position in society than men, their constitutional behaviour is less assertive and less confident. Men are dominant within society, so it is not surprising that they tend to dominate mixed sex conversations. Women are said to be used to male dominance, and as a result of social conditioning will often be polite and respectful when speaking to men. Whereas the idea of difference is where the focus is more on differences in male and female attitudes and values, that are said to be inculcated from childhood, when we form, and are influenced by, single sex peer groups. Studies of children’s play have found that in boy’s games there is more emphasis on competition and confrontation, while girl’s games are more cooperative. In adulthood, women’s talk often focuses on personal feelings and problems and this helps to explain why their approach to conversation is more sympathetic and supportive. Also this Description of Data: My data consists of three transcripts; one, which took place in a college canteen between four girls meaning it, was very informal and casual. My second transcript took place on a college field while three boys were watching a game of football played by fellow peers. They discussed the game and also had background conversations. My third transcript is of three girls talking about the world cup football match very briefly while talking more about football and surrounding topics. I felt that my first transcript I recorded was not sufficient enough to be analysed well and in detail, I therefore recorded a further transcript to increase my data and to make a more intricate analysis. Aims: The aim of my investigation is to find out to what extent are there significant differences in the ways that men and women behave on conversation. Methodology: For my investigation I collected three transcripts; I did this, as this is the most effective way of collecting sufficient data that I would be able to analyse for my specific subject. I am going to look at how women talk in casual situations looking at aspects that expert researchers have found such as Jennie Coates, she found two approaches based on the ideas of dominance and difference which I will look at and try to find out to what extent do my transcripts prove this. I will also look at cooperation and competition as the experts have found that boys seem to be more competitive when using language whereas girls seem to be more co operative, even though this research was proved by using children as examples I would still like to see if it is still the case when men and woman are older and to what extent they still either are competitive or cooperative when using language. As well as looking as what the experts have found I am also going to look at the role played by the speakers in my transcript and relate it too attitudes and values as well as educational background, which is pretty much the same for each speaker as they all go to the some college. I will also look into the social class of the speakers. I will look at the status, purpose, context and audience for each transcript and analyse each topic accordingly. I am also going to look at the 6 frameworks – lexis, semantics, phonology, graphology, grammar, discourse, pragmatics and the sociolinguistics which has been defines as the study of language in its social context. Analysis: First of all I am going to analyse the context of my data. The first transcript is between four friends occasionally five when they contribute to the conversation. The conversation is very informal and very casual with no real meaning or purpose except for socialising during break time, which means the conversation is quite forced to some extent even though they were talking about what they liked to talk about. All the women contributed equally I would say; to the conversation. Although women are characteristically and socially known for being quite capable and good at making conversation there is not a lot of prove from the experts or researchers that suggests that males do not make conversation or are any less capable. Therefore when looking at the men’s conversation I saw that they were just as able and good at making conversation. The men’s conversation was between three people occasionally four or five when they contributed to the conversation. This conversation was also very informal and casual and was also something that the men wanted to talk about. In the conversation you can see that between them there is one more dominant male who tends to initiate conversation and interrupt or overlap other speakers also could be know as holding the floor. However I researched about dominance in conversation and read, â€Å"you just don’t understand- men and women in conversation† by Deborah Tanning and she said â€Å"claiming that interruption is a sign of dominance assumes that conversation is an activity in which one speaker speaks at a time, but this reflects ideology more than practice. She also said that she recorded conversations in which many voices were heard at once and it was clear that everyone was having a good time. She then asked people of their impressions of the conversation and they said they had enjoyed themselves. However when she played the tape back they were embarrassed about their conversational style. Which suggests that when people being female or male do dominate the conversation they maybe don’t realise they are doing it. I also found that in my other female conversation between three girls there was one slightly more dominant participant mainly due to her personality, however it was also in most cases successful cooperative over lapping as the over lapping is positive and as Deborah tanning says in her book † the overlaps are cooperative because they do not change the topic but elaborate on it. However in my male conversation there is unsuccessful cooperative overlapping as for example when a participant says he had England trials† (referring to a friend out side the conversation) another participant says â€Å"yer but don’t he look like peter pan† which is quite negative and stops the conversation which is a negative response that does not enable the conversation to carry on without changing the topic. In one of my transcripts where the four or five female participants are talking on participant says, â€Å"Err she looks really bad† (referring to a celebrity in a magazine that looks rough) by saying the word â€Å"really† she is intensifying what she is saying. In my other transcripts there are two examples of women using intensifiers, one where a participant says, â€Å"she’s really pretty† and another when a participant says â€Å"well I think peter crouch is actually quite really cute† Robin Lakoff published an influential account of women’s language. In a related article she published a set of basic assumptions about what marks out the language of women. Among these assumptions were the use of intensifiers especially the words ‘so’ and ‘very’ for example † I’m so glad to see you† I found intensifiers within my female transcripts but none in my male transcripts. However as my transcripts were quite short and the time I had to collect my data was limited if I had more data I could have compared this more fairly to get better and faired results. Zimmerman and West (1915) taped informal conversations between students in coffee bars, shops and other public places. They found that women talk about ‘feelings’ whereas men talk more about ‘things’. Women conversation is often focused on personal experiences, relationships and problems. The topic of male conversation tends to be more concrete, relating to information, facts objects and activities. And from my own experiences these finding are accurate but also my data could also suggest this as well, for example in my females transcripts there is reference to a personal experience that doesn’t really play a part in the structure of the conversation, it is quite random. The participant says † Rory always corrects my spelling its well annoying on msn he always like types things in a little star and then says correct spelling† the participate gets interrupted while saying this as it is nothing to do with the conversation. Also in my transcript I can see that men use more taboo language than women do for example in my male conversation one participant says â€Å"fucking legend† whereas in my female conversation there was no swearing words used. However as my transcripts were quite short they do not relate to all females.

James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues - 956 Words

James Baldwin brings you on an emotional ride through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, we are in media res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story we witness the ocean of emotions between these two brothers battling hardships from their past, through flashbacks, and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a character in the story. The city of Harlem is a reminder of their troubles and the suffering it ignites is exactly what Sonny tries to run away from when he turns to drugs and jazz music. Through the setting of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† and the example of the relationship between the narrator and his younger brother, Sonny, James Baldwin presents how a dark past full of suffering can influence present lives and relationships. The sequence of events is not in chronological order since the narrator goes from present, to past, and back to present in order to illustrate the suffering experienced by both brothers and to emphasize the impact the past has on the present. During present time, Sonny is sentenced to prison for heroine abuse. The narrator and Sonny are not close at this time because he doesn’t try to understand Sonny until his little girl dies and he has some of his own suffering to deal with. â€Å"I was sitting in the living room in the dark, by myself, and I suddenly thought of Sonny. MyShow MoreRelatedSonny s Blues By James Baldwin827 Words   |  4 PagesSonny’s Blues In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† it is only when a brother loses his child that he realizes how easy it can be to lose his brother. The narrator’s little brother, Sonny, was left in his charge when their parents passed away. He neglects Sonny and leaves him to work through hard decisions on his own which leads to Sonny being picked up by the police for using and selling drugs. When the narrator’s daughter, Grace, passes he sees how suffering can affect people and reaches outRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin centers on the conflicting relationship between two brothers that is explored throughout various stages of their lives. Through the structured, melodic style used by Baldwin there are reoccurring themes of suffering, family, and home that are used to further convey the idea of two brothers who love each other, but don’t understand eac h other. Ultimately, the relationship between the two brothers is greatly strained due them being polar opposites, their lackRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues2994 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Sonny, from James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† is portrayed as a sufferer. He struggles with his stagnation in Harlem, his unfulfilled dreams and the disconnect between himself and his only family, his brother. However, not all hope is lost. He serves as a teacher for others, full of knowledge of how one can truly suffer and still triumph (Norton 47). Only when he is finally able to connect with his brother through music, are his â€Å"blues† finally heard and he affirms his individualityRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin2300 Words   |  10 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, by James Baldwin there is the notion or a reoccurring theme of a conflict between light and dark between the characters. The notion is carried throughout the story of two brothers finding their own lights and trying to work towards a greater life. In the late 50’s, after the Harlem Renaissance, adolescents are faced with drug sales everywhere and crime sprees around every corner, this is one example of the darkness in the story. Kids began to form bad habits thatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Harlem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a characterRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin1028 Words   |  5 Pagesand influence the subject’s ideas. Consciously and unconsciously, the individual reflects the confluence of his or her history and culture. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, a short story by James Baldwin, the dominant culture constricts the black individual. Subject to the explicit and latent biases of a racist society, the black population of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† attempt to endure oppression and suffering and survive in an unforgiving land. However, they can thrive here with the hope and salvation provided by theRead MoreSonny s Blues By James Baldwin Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is a narration about two siblings – brothers - who choose very different routes in life in order to accomplish the zenith of individualism, expressionism and recognition. In doing so, they take a glimpse into one another’s spheres and learn to assent and appreciate each other for who they are. In 1951, Baldwin wrote Sonny’s Blues, a story of the ills that Harlem provided its youth. In Baldwin’s telling of the narration, it forms a nous of liberation, an atmosphere of therapeutic acc eptanceRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues1452 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues is a short story that, for some people, could be considered a challenging read. Not because of the level of difficulty, but for the fact that it shares a lot of human angst. However, Baldwin’s story still manages to be entertaining, as well as holding many life lessons in it. Baldwin’s story teaches lessons such as; dealing with suffering, being supportive, and accepting differences. James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues does a noble job of relating to the readers on various

Genetic Disorder And The Human Genome - 1081 Words

Genetic Disorder is having to do with your health and body. Some people can get it and some people don’t get it every body is different. Now I am going to tell you what a Genetic disorder is, it’s an illness caused by changes or mutation in a person s DNA sequence. The mutation can be caused by an error of the DNA replication. It can also be caused by other things such as cigarette smoke and exposure to radiation which causes the change in the DNA sequence. Now I’m going to introduce the human genome which is a part of the human and body and that is dealing with the DNA sequence. They say the human genome is a set of instructions comparing it to a recipe book directing our growth and development. These changes can affect the individual†¦show more content†¦Then the other one is recessive is an individual has two altered versions of the relevant gene. Then the Xlinked disorder that reflects the presence of an altered gene on the X chromosome. Xlinked diso rders are more common in males because they only have one X chromosome. As a consequences male only need one copy of the altered gene for symptoms to occur. Then it leads into the chromosome disorder which is the number of the changes in the number or structure of the chromosome. An example of chromosome disorder down’s syndrome which they have an extra chromosome which is 21, trisomy 21: three copies of chromosome of 21. Than the 3rd one is multifactorial disorder which is complex disease what it’s a disorder caused by changes in the human multiple gene. Is often in a complex of interaction with the environmental and the lifestyle factors such as dieting and cigarette smoke example cancer. People who have a genetic disorder are born with it and is missing a DNA sequences either the mom was either drinking while she was pregnant with the baby in her or she was either smoking. Another source could be that she was either smoking while she was pregnant , it could also be that it runs in the family somewhere in the gene. It can be many reason that you can have a genetic disorder it can be that the child is just born with it

Whats Best For Your Company - 1782 Words

IT services Managed IT services IT managed services Should Your Company Outsource IT? IT service providers deliver the technical expertise small businesses need at a much lower cost than hiring IT staff. They can recommend, install, and manage technology according to business’ objectives and core competencies and ensure that critical data is safe. That’s why nearly 70% of U.S. small to medium sized businesses (SMBs) and many of New York and New Jersey’s top companies work with a managed IT services provider like Exigent for some or all of their IT service needs. There are many considerations for SMBs thinking about when moving some, or all, of their IT services to another company. In this eBook, we’ve summarized the key factors to help†¦show more content†¦Small businesses outsource IT services to ensure all their business systems, operations and networks remain up and running. Managed IT services providers take a proactive approach to IT. Rather than waiting for something to break or shut down, MSPs ensure a customer’s IT c an avoid most tech issues in the first place. This is huge, because IT related downtime can have a devastating impact on revenue and reputation—especially for smaller businesses trying to grow. SMB Managed IT Service Consumption A recent survey by B2B research firm Clutch showed that 69% of U.S. SMBs use at least one IT service provider, regardless of company size. 63% of respondents indicated they also have dedicated, in-house IT staff. However, this percentage was much lower among SMBs with 10 or fewer employees—only 31% of that group have in-house IT staff. MSPs typically deliver managed IT services on a flat-rate or subscription basis; companies pay a fixed amount, usually monthly, for a specific set of IT services. Some common examples include, but are not limited to: †¢ Application monitoring/management †¢ Helpdesk †¢ E-mail †¢ Security †¢ Storage †¢ Backup and Disaster Recovery These IT services are typically offered either as packaged services, or a la carte, depending on the needs of the SMB. They are also often priced at a fraction of the cost of a full time IT resource. MSPs work with a variety of technology vendors in order to deliver

Behavioral Perspectives Free Essays

Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo are mostly known for behavioral- science approach theory. They are more focused on the human and psychological factors, which are likely to affect the workers. A considerable philosophy of the theory illuminates employee relationship and motivation, information processing and organizational development. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three are also considered the founders of organizational psychology and behavioral approaches in the theories of management. Follet is an American social worker, a pioneer in the organizational theory and organizational behavior. He is works as a management consultant. Her theory criticized the poor handling of employees and urge managers to be friendly. In doing so, they should grant them the liberty to collaborate, socialize and work in teams. Munsterberg, on the other hand, states that only workers with standard mental capability and moral standards should be hired. Moreover, increased employee motivation, job performance, and employee retention are very imperative. In other words, he encourages matching an employee merits with his or her job description. Elton Mayo, who started human relations movement is best known for Hawthorne studies which were conducted at the western electric company. His theory is based on the soft ways for successful management. According to him, individual’s work performance depends greatly on job satisfaction. He contributed significantly to behaviorism movement in the management field. However, Marx, Weber, and Taylor oppose such positions and call for employees liberations. For instance, Marx is against the bourgeois who use other people to become rich. They are uncomfortable with the states of affairs that use other people as instruments of making wealth. Even though Marx, weber and Taylor contrast them, Follet, Munsterberg and Mayo transformed the way modern employers relate to their employees. Q2Organizational structure defines how organizational activities are coordinated, and directing supervisions of the allocated tasks towards the achievement of organizational goals. Major types of the organizational structure include functional, divisional and matrix. Functional structure refers to the grouping of the organization departments according to purposes. It is useful for small organizations with flexible departments which can solely rely on the skills, talents, and knowledge of employees. Divisional structure is used by large organizations which operate in different geographical areas. The organization is divided into divisions which areas separately managed towards achieving the common set goals. It is useful in the sense that its desires can be met rapidly and more specifically since each division operates independently. Q3Everyone in a workplace possesses different personalities. The use of personality test immensely employs the use of the big five personality traits which includes openness, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. In a workplace, personality traits can help in revealing strengths and weaknesses of the employees. Moreover, it helps in determining levels of emotional intelligence among employees, a key tool for effective communication. In addition to this, personality traits help in creating awareness and enhancing excellent teamwork among employees. Finally, personality traits it helps in promoting a deeper understanding of employee capabilities based on their strengths and capabilities, thus making it easier to delegate the duties. Q4 Perceptual distortions refer to the variations of a person’s response to a stimulus from the common perception. Majorly, it occurs as a result of intellectual biases of an individual. The major causes of perceptual distortions include but not limited to stereotyping, halo effect, pre-deposition, recency effect, pre-deposition effect, primacy effect, and prejudice. An example of perceptual distortion is that of an individual who is suffering from anorexia and holds a biased self-image. Such people see their bodies as overweighed and unsightly whereas others perceive them as the undernourished as well as underweighted. Q5 Impression management refers to a self-presentation system which focuses on improving a person’s image in the eyes of others. Typically, it refers to a process in which people attempt to influence the perception of others. Managers synonymously implement the use of impression management to present themselves to their employees, the public and to their peers as a way of impelling the insights of their appearance. The underlying motives and basic governing factors of impression management culminates in the awareness of being a potential monitoring instrument and the kind social status. Additionally, cultural norms, personal goals, and social perspectives form other impression motives and governing factors for managers. The duo reveals the assertions, which leads to a dynamic way of presentational aspects. Managers tend to impress their employees, peers and the public through the types of clothes they put on, which have specific designs and fashions. Politicians wear nice suits, carries an expensive suitcase and move inexpensive cars so as to impress the public as they woe for votes. Christianity is another strategy used by managers to impress peers and the public alleging that their ways are pure. Q6 Stress refers to a hypersensitive response of the body to any kind of emotional strain. It occurs as a result of personal conflict between the job workload or demands and the little amount of time an employee has to meet these demands, hence lack of control. The common demands that may lead to stress in the workplace include poor organization of the work, poor work design, poor working conditions, poor management and lack of supervisory support. Moreover, job monotony and excessive workload are also sources of stress in a workstation. The general responses to stress that can be experienced are majorly classified into physical, Emotional responses. Physical stress occurs in the general body and includes pains, aches and other diseases that may be caused by stress. Physical stress is accompanied by frequent headaches, chest problems, back pain and aching stomach. It is also characterized by insufficient sleep and high blood pressure. On the other hand, Emotional responses are experiences involving feelings and thoughts during stressful circumstances. Such responses include depression and anxiety, withdrawing socially and becoming more forgetful. Anger, lack of focus and becoming more restless are other emotional responses to stress. Excessive stress is fatal and prevention measures should be put in place. In order to deal with stress, one should first trace the origin and know the causes of stress and develop healthy responses to curb the situation. Relaxing the mind and having sufficient sleep are important techniques suppressing stress. Avoid being lonely, talk to other people and seek for their help. Finally, talking to the supervisor about the stressing issue can help solve the situation. This can be perfected by improving working conditions. How to cite Behavioral Perspectives, Papers

Duopoly and Oligopolies in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Monopolies, Duopoly and Oligopolies in Australia. Answer: Introduction Market provides a common platform for exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. In economics, any type of exchange relation in defined as market. The most ideal form of market is perfectly competitive market where several buyers and sellers compete in common place. In reality, no form of market is perfectly competitive. The forms of market mostly found belong to imperfect competition. Monopolies, duopoly and oligopolies are some of the commonly discussed market structure. In Australia, imperfectly competitive market structure exists in different form. The paper briefly discusses these markets structures making use of related microeconomic theories. Brief article story Concentration of market is a common feature of small open economy. Australia seems as a concentrated country if viewed from market structures of airlines, mining industry, supermarkets and energy companies. The article scrutinized market concentration in Australia. Australian banking is not the only sector having large players capturing major market shares. In the airline market, two big players are Qantas and Virgin holding 95 percent market share together. Woolworths and Coles are two dominating names in the grocery supermarket. Telstra holds almost a monopoly position in telecommunication (theaustralian.com.au 2017). Concentration encourages the small number of sellers to innovate new production technique to have an additional competitive edge over its competitors and hence contribute to productive efficiency. On the other hand, if sellers do not initiate productive efficiency and only enjoy their market power then there is inefficient allocation of resources. In most of the advan ced economies, large firm domination is an important aspect. In the internet market, Google enjoys more than 90 percent share. For US oil production, John Rockefellers behemoth Standard oil control 64 percent production. With passes of time, concentration has become more prevalent. Even a decade ago, car manufacturing, banking and mining are not so much concentrated as they are now. In the monopoly market, where a single seller controls majority of market share the biggest threat is an unexpectedly high price with a limited production. The monopoly market becomes a serious concern if there is no innovation and potential competitors putting threat to monopoly position. Firms grow large depending on their good and consistent performance. The small businesses in Australia having no more than 20 employees practically has no contribution in the job growth from 2009 (heraldsun.com.au 2017). In contrast, big size firms already having a large employee strength (200 or more) are responsible for more than three forth job creation for the similar period. Adam Smith in 18th century expressed concern for existence of monopoly. However, the type of monopoly Adam Smith talked about was the one created through gover nment grant, subsidies, regulation or other form of privileges. The monopoly created by commercial success of the firm the efficient form of monopolies. In Australia, existing oligopolies gain considerable support from government. Heavy hitters in Australians corporate and dominating players in stock market receives governments favor in terms of licensing and regulation playing an equivalent role as innovation. When monopolies created by government support then it is called natural monopolies (ausbt.com.au 2017). A classic example of natural monopoly is distribution of electricity network. Article evaluation using economic theories Evaluation of the article needs a close look at different market structures. Perfectly competitive market is an extreme form of market. Joan Robinson suggested the idea of free market as given by classical economist do not exists in real world. The market dominated by a single seller is termed as a monopoly market. In the market, the single seller serves numerous buyers and therefore has maximum market power (Baldwin and Scott 2013). The market power makes it possible for the monopolist to charge a high price on a comparatively low quantity supplied. Both in the short run and in the long-run the monopolist enjoys a significant profit margin. Adam Smith opposed monopolies created from government regulation. Most form of concentration in Australian market exists because of considerable government support. In telecommunication, finance, mining and property market Australian government created and favored large players (smh.com.au 2017). These form of monopoly as suggested by Adam Smith more often constitute inefficiency in the market. Entry barriers to new entrants is important for holding monopoly position. When natural barriers exist in form of government regulation then this is called natural monopoly. The large-scale operation of the single firm gives it benefits of scale economies (Lim and Yurukoglu 2015). The firm is able to operate at falling part of average cost. One natural monopoly market in Australia is electricity distribution. Another concentrated form of market is oligopoly market. Instead of having only one seller like monopolies, there are few large firms in the market. Strategy of one firm depends on the strategy of its rival firms (Belleflamme and Peitz 2015). One practical example of strategic interdependence is the price war among sellers. Duopoly market is a subset of oligopoly. When the number of sellers in the oligopoly market reduces to only two sellers then duopoly market formed (Dunne et al. 2013). Virgin and Qantas in airline, Coles and Woolworths in grocery supermarket are some duopoly player in Australia. Recommendation In the Australian economy, market concentration is observed in different areas. In a concentrated market, sellers are always at an advantageous position. When government supports concentration then the situation can even turn worse. Therefore, the government should allow concentration only where it is needed. For example, natural monopoly is a market where it is efficient for the market itself to have single seller. In other areas, government should encourage competition to allocate resources efficiently and enhance productivity. Conclusion In Australia market concentration found to exist in form of monopoly, oligopoly or duopoly market. Airline, baking, grocery market and telecommunication are some examples of concentrated industry. In these industries, one, two or four large players dominate the market. The big businesses with their expansion creates new job opportunities in contrast to almost stagnant small businesses. Some form of concentration in Australia has developed with assistance from government. References Australian Business Traveller. (2017).Borghetti defends the Qantas-Virgin duopoly. [online] Available at: https://www.ausbt.com.au/borghetti-defends-the-qantas-virgin-duopoly [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Baldwin, W. and Scott, J., 2013.Market structure and technological change(Vol. 18). Taylor Francis. Belleflamme, P. and Peitz, M., 2015.Industrial organization: markets and strategies. Cambridge University Press. Dunne, T., Klimek, S.D., Roberts, M.J. and Xu, D.Y., 2013. Entry, exit, and the determinants of market structure.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(3), pp.462-487. Heraldsun.com.au. (2017).Local monopolies have better results. [online] Available at: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/study-finds-australian-monopolies-have-better-results/news-story/83436800178abede28b01f82135a5da5 [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Lim, C.S. and Yurukoglu, A., 2015. Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments.Journal of Political Economy. Smh (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/get-out-of-monopoly-free-cards-cant-be-left-to-the-roll-of-the-dice-20101026-172ax.html [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]. Theaustralian.com.au. (2017).Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone Android apps. [online] Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/adam-creighton/monopolies-advance-the-economic-cause/news-story/c6939962c6bdc71a3e8126ad6b971aff [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017].