Essay Infant Language Development - 1662 Words

Language is a communicative system of words and symbols unique to humans. The origins of language are still a mystery as fossil remains cannot speak. However, the rudiments of language can be inferred through studying linguistic development in children and the cognitive and communicative abilities of primates as discussed by Bridgeman (2003). This essay illustrates the skills infants have that will eventually help them to acquire language. The topics covered are firstly, the biological aspects, the contribution of the human brain to language development? Secondly, key theories of language development will be considered. Is the development innate? Is there a critical period? Thirdly, what must be learned? What are the rudiments infants must†¦show more content†¦(Stoell-Gammon Menn (1997) (as cited in Bjolrklund, 2005). There are several theories regarding language development. Work by Chomsky, Piaget and Kuhl are critical. Studies by Chomsky, as examined by Albery, Chandler, Field, Jones, Messer, Moore and Sterling (2009); Deloache, Eisenberg Siegler (2003) argued for the innateness of language acquisition due to its complexity. Development is assisted by a language acquisition device (LAD) and universal grammar both of which holding the propensity for commonalities throughout all languages. LAD is the key to the Syntax rule. The knowledge to master the rules is held unconsciously. Chomsky concludes exposure through auditory channels as being the only requirement for learning. Arguably Kuhl (2010) writes infantile exposure to language through auditory channels only, does not contribute effectively to learning indicating the importance of human interaction. Piaget, as discussed by Ault (1977) postulated language as not being part of the earliest stages of development. Signifying within sensorimoto r stage, between birth and two years, the child’s development is too reflexive. Gleitman, Fridlund and Reisberg (2004) discuss the critical period hypothesis and suggest the young brain being more suited to acquisition than the adult brain. Lenneberg (1967) (as cited in Gleitman et al 2004) advocates, brain maturation closes language acquisition capacity window. Kuhl (2010) identified, within the critical period babies developShow MoreRelated Language Development of Deaf Infants and Children Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage Development of Deaf Infants and Children My essay topic is the language development of deaf infants and children. In my opinion, this is an important topic to discuss, due to the lack of public knowledge concerning the deaf population. Through this essay, I wish to present how a child is diagnosed as having a hearing loss (including early warning signs), options that parents have for their children once diagnosed (specifically in relation to education of language), common speech teachingRead MoreArticle Critique : Promoting Mother Infant Book Sharing And Infant Attention And Language Development Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesMother-Infant Book Sharing and Infant Attention and Language Development in an Impoverished South African Population: A Pilot Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(2), 143-152. doi:10.1007/s10643-013-0591-8 PURPOSE: This pilot study was completed to see if a successful study in the developed world would extend to an impoverished community in South Africa. 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Before taking this class, I thought they language development is just a simple and natural thing to happen to people; however, I realized there can so much steps and facts involved with the language development and communication. I learned that even though every child develops their communication and language differently through different sources, every child is mainly influenced by the natureRead MoreELT task 3 Essay examples955 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the main ideas with the students in order to allow them to evaluate and discuss their ideas and their thought process. Therefore, this method can serve a basis for students to model the development of writing the main ideas from a listening context (Chamot, 1994). C. Discuss how to support the development of listening and oral communication skills for all students. The best to way to support listening skills is by creating a friendly learning environment. For example, in order to help studentsRead MoreInfants First Words Essay1906 Words   |  8 PagesInfants First Words The development of language is one of a child’s most natural and impressive undertakings. Our communication skills set us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom, and they’re also what bring us together with each other. Babies are born without language, but all children learn the rules of language fairly early on and without formal teaching, how does this happen? In the first years of life, most children learn speech and language, the uniquelyRead MoreHow Human Beings Learn Languages1562 Words   |  7 PagesHow human beings learn languages is one of the most interesting processes that have been discussed by several scholars. The process through which human beings learn language is known as language acquisition, and it is a process that begins from the infancy stage. Different studies have been completed to highlight the process that human beings undergo to acquire language, specifically those who learn more than one language. These are the studies that this paper will analyze using the two articlesRead MoreVygotskys Theory Of Cognitive Development1622 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Journal Entry 5 Theories of Cognitive Development (Vygotsky) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky alleged that adults play a fundamental role in the development of children as they nurtured their learning in a premeditated way (McDevitt et al, 2013), rather than entrusting it to natural processes. Vygotsky also believed that language played a primary responsibility in a child’s development, while Piaget excluded this from his theory (McDevitt et al, 2013). The social experiencesRead MoreLanguage Aquisition: Theoretical Approaches Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage is power; not only is it the mechanism by which we communicate, think and express our emotions and ideas; it shapes us into the culture in which we are born. It goes without saying then that language delay affects holistic development leading to isolation, social withdrawal and all round poor academic achievement. Children develop language in stages, pre-linguistic stage or age birth to 1 year is the stage where babies communicate through crying, cooing and gesturing, babies age 2 monthsRead MoreHow Does Art And Music Help With Language Development?2947 Words   |  12 Pagesart and music help with language development? Imagine a classroom in which children sing every day, establishing singing as an important social and cultural experience in each child s life. Singing is celebratory and social, establishing meaningful connections to children s lives and experiences, such as birthdays, welcomes, sports events, and festivals (Ministry of Education, 2001). Researchers recognized that musical activities reinforce many aspects of language development. For example: chanting

History of Hypertension Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the History of Hypertension. Answer: Patient History Mr Jones was a 46-year-old male patient admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the healthcare setting at 7:30 pm. He came into the Emergency Room at around 4 pm. The patient had the chief complaint of left-sided chest pain that persisted for two hours before presenting to the hospital. Mr Jones was slim built and tall and weighed 76 kg with a height of 181 cm. He had been admitted to the hospital for a stroke two and a half years ago. He had a history of hypertension and had been attending the medical clinic for the same. His family history included hypertensive parents. Mr Jones was a professor by profession and denied alcohol intake. He, however, had a history of smoking and smoked five cigarettes a day. He stayed with his wife and two children and led a sedentary lifestyle. Presenting Complaint and Signs Symptoms The crushing pain in the left side of the chest was the main patient concern. The patient reported that he was having a crushing pain along with shortness of breath, sweating and sense of impending doom. His vital signs were BP 140/95 mmHg; temperature 36 degrees Celsius; pulse rate 63 bpm; RR 22 bpm. Pathophysiology Coronary artery disease in patients is the result of atherosclerosis which is the progression of building up of fatty tissues in the arterial walls, commonly known as plaque (Bellchambers et al., 2017). The formation of plaque in one or more than one places causes narrowing of the arteries that in turn slows the flow of blood into the heart. Since the blood flow is restricted or stopped, the patient experiences chest pain and shortness of breath, a condition medically known as Myocardial Infarction (MI). Myocardial Infarction results from the thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery. Necrosis and irreversible cell injury are the ultimate outcomes (O'Gara et al., 2013). Another significant cause of reduced blood supply is artery spams. At times, an artery of the coronary system might momentarily undergo contraction, leading to spasm. This occurs when the artery is narrowed, and blood flow is restricted. A spasm is likely to happen in normal-appearing blood vessels as well as those that are blocked by atherosclerosis. Myocardial Infarction is caused due to a severe spasm (Montalescot et al., 2014). The major risk factors for MI are hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. The three criteria for the diagnosis of MI as outlined by the World Health Organization are patient symptoms of prolonged and severe chest pain, serial enzymes and electrocardiography changes. During the initial phase of MI, the patient had suffered chest pain, profuse sweating and shortness of breath. The sense of impending doom was also an effect of such condition. The chest pain can be considered as the hallmark of acute MI (Nkhomaet al., 2016). The pain that Mr Jones had experienthe patient suffered from initially was owing to blockage of a coronary artery. The injury caused to the heart muscle deprives it from an adequate supply of oxygen and blood, leading to sensations of chest pressure and chest pain (Levine et al., 2015). Shortness of breath is due to the left ventricle being affected by the infarction and reduction of cardiac output. The sense of impending doom is a result of the release of adrenaline and other catecholemines which acts as a component of the compensation mechanism. Sympathetic activation leads to profuse sweating (Johnson Craft, 2017). Examination Outcomes An Electrocardiograph (ECG) revealed that changes were distinctive ST elevations in leads I, aVL, V2, V3, V4, V5 and V6. Laboratory investigations have indicated a blood count, normal levels of creatinine, urea, chloride, sodium, potassium, liver enzymes. The triglyceride and cholesterol levels were elevated significantly. He was alert and had a suitable orientation to place, prime and people. Lung fields were clear and there was no difficulty in swallowing. Air entry was normal bilaterally and there was no abnormality in breath sounds. No visible pulsation, heaves or thrills were detected. No cyanosis or edema was seen. The abdomen was non-tender and soft, and no mass was felt. Normal muscle mass and gait were observed. As a result of the stroke suffered two years ago, power on the left side was 5/5 and on the right side was 3/5. Nursing Care Considerations The condition of Mr Jones required immediate nursing intervention. The patient was given Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) sublingually with the aim of easing the pain. GTN is a widely used as a vasoactive agent administered for reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption, subsequently leading to decrease of ischemia and relief from pain (Kaplow, 2015). In addition, the patient was also administered Aspirin tablet 300mg through the oral route. This medication is an antiplatelet, thereby reducing the platelet aggregation and preventing the formation of thrombus. The risk of MI is reduced as a result of this (Moorhead, 2014). The patient was placed in a semi-Fowler's position, and oxygen was given at the rate of four litres per minute to aid the patient in breathing. The patient was brought into a stable condition in the emergency room before shifting him to the Coronary Care Unit. After the diagnosis was confirmed the main objective was to address the blockage in the artery and restore the flow of blood. This process is known as reperfusion (Wood, 2010). On the basis of the assessment done regarding patient condition and clinical manifestation, it was indicated that the patient was a probable candidate for Streptokinase infusion. However, the previous history of stroke with residual effects contraindicated the use of the same (Morton et al., 2017). Streptokinase leads to symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage in those individuals who have had a history of stroke. Once the patient was oriented to the coronary care unit, he was assessed for the present set of problems. He reported of having chest pain due to ischemic myocardial tissue. In addition, he was having feelings of fear and anxiety due to changes in his health status. This mainly related to decreased cardiac output owing to altered cardiac rhythm and rate. The expected outcome of thenursing intervention and medical care was relief from pain. The othernursing goals were a reduction of fear and anxiety and maintenance of sufficient cardiac output. The planning and implementation of pharmacological and no-pharmacological treatment included injection of morphine 2.5mg through the intravenous route. The rationale was to relieve pain since tab Glyceryle trinitrate was unsuccessful in relieving the chest pain. Mr Jones was assisted to report the chest pain to understand the severity of the condition. The prime point of pain and the direction of movement of the pain were to be assessed. He was thus encouraged and assisted to verbalize his concerns and fear. It was a crucial step to attach the cardiac monitor for monitoring the rhythm and rate of the heart. Vital signs of the patient were recorded every two hours initially for six hours to identify any changes in patient condition. Consequently, the recording was done every four hours. Monitoring signs of reperfusion were also elementary, such as heart block, bradychardia and PVCs (Karch Karch, 2016). The patient was advised complete bed rest for the initial three days after he hwas admitted. Visotors were not allowed frequently. The underlying principle was to allow the patient have maximum rest and permit adequate healing of the injury to the heart. According to Willerson and Holmes (2015), complete bed rest allows reduction of workload to the heart. The patients diet was also a key concern. His dietary intake consisted of low fat and low sodium food along with those that are low in cholesterol content. As opined by Adrogu and Madias (2014) excess amount of sodium in the body is the cause of increased blood pressure and increased workload of the heart. Since the patient was a hypertensive individual, it was advisable for him to consume food with low salt content. Since saturated fat increases blood cholesterol, Mr Jones was given a fat-free diet. The daily medication for Mr Jones included Tab Glyceryl trinitrate, Tablet Aspirin 150mg once daily, tablet Simvastatin 20mg note daily, tablet Enalpril 5mg daily, Tablet Isorsobide dinitrate 10mg thrice daily. Isorsobide dinitrite acts as a coronary and peripheral vasodilator that increases blood flow and improves collateral circulation. This, in turn, reduces preload and afterload and decreases myocardial oxygen consumption along with the increase of cardiac output (Karch Karch, 2016). Simvastatin is a drug belonging to the group HMG CoA reductase inhibitor. The mode of action is through reduction of cholesterol level in the body, more precisely the low-density lipoprotein, or LDL. It is also responsible for reducing the levels of triglyceride and increasing the level of high-density lipoprotein, or HDL. On the second day, the patient reported a significant reduction in chest pain and relief from profuse sweating, and thus did not require any intervention. Oxygen was administered, and monitoring for vital signs and cardiac output continued. Consumed meals and administered medications did not lead to any complications. Assessment carriedout on the third day indicated that oxygen administration was not required. The patient was reported to be out of danger. On the fourth day, he was mobilized out of bed. A dietician counseled him regarding his future dietary intake. A physiotherapist advised him of having a more active lifestyle through regular physical exercise. After being transferred to the general ward on the fifth day, he was counseled and motivated to quit smoking. He continued receiving collaborative care for upholding rehabilitation after MI. As pointed out by Nieswiadomy and Bailey (2017) Cardiac rehabilitation improves the ability of the heart to function, lowers the heart ra te, and reduces the chances of developing difficulties from heart disease. Mr Jones was released from the hospital on the sixth day, and he follow up included reporting to the clinic after one month. His medications outlined at the time of discharge included tab Enalpril 5mg daily, tab Asprin 150mg daily, Tablet Isorsobide dinitrite 10mg thrice daily, tablet Simvastatin 20mg nocte and Tablet Glyceryl trinitrite. He was recommended to pursue medical help in case of any emergency. Environmental Considerations and Family For achieving desirable patient outcomes, it is inevitable to provide an environment that fosters the treatment process undertaken to address the needs of the patient (Nieswiadomy Bailey, 2017). For achieving suitable early reperfusion, Mr Jones was provided with a restful and comfortable environment before commencing on the treatment. The family members of Mr Jones were emotionally instable and anxious. They were required to be given support and empathy throughout the process. They were educated about the importance of the undergoing treatment and intervention and were provided with all information pertaining to progress in patient condition (Morton et al., 2017). Legal and Ethical Issues The care provided to the patient was in accordance to the Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard, Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health. The standards are a set of quality statements describing the clinical care to be offered to a patient suffering from specific clinical condition (Murphy et al., 2016). It complements present exertions supportive of the delivery of appropriate care, such as initiatives led by the National Heart Foundation. Ethical issues pertaining to the case study was need of patient education on the presenting symptoms and recovery process (Kaplow, 2015). The patient communication was made effective through clear and sympathetic verbal and nonverbal communication methods. Conclusion From the present case study analysis, it can be concluded that cardiac nurses need to have a comprehensive understanding of the multifactorial field of cardiac care technology, including diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. A nurse needs to demonstrate skills of multitasking and critical thinking ability to achieve optimal patient outcomes. For resolving patient problems, it is essential to undertake a roper evaluation of the cardiac symptoms. Knowledge of cardiac health rehabilitation and ability to communicate effectively with the family members of the patient are crucial factors for nursing practice. Compliance to legal and ethical considerations are required. Reflection The cardiac care provided to Mr Jones was successful as the patient outcomes were in alignment with the nursing diagnosis and priority of care. As a nurse, I developed a sense of satisfaction and pride in delivering optimal quality care. Fulfillment of all the significant cardiac nursing care attributes ensured exceptional cardiac care nursing. I was able to demonstrate competency in addressing the patient complications and providing patient-centred care. In future, my practice would be guided by research on current evidence for better cardiac nursing care. References Adrogu, H. J., Madias, N. E. (2014). Sodium surfeit and potassium deficit: keys to the pathogenesis of hypertension.Journal of the American Society of Hypertension,8(3), 203-213. Bellchambers, J., Neves, E., Pottle, A. (2017). Inherited cardiac conditions: examining two patient cases.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,12(8), 387-396. Johnson, M. D., Craft, M. D. (2017). Acute Mitral Regurgitation Following Myocardial Infarction. InThe Medicine Forum(Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 19). Kaplow, R. (2015).Cardiac surgery essentials for critical care nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Karch, A. M., Karch. (2016).Focus on nursing pharmacology. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Levine, G. N., Bates, E. R., Blankenship, J. C., Bailey, S. R., Bittl, J. A., Cercek, B., ... Khot, U. N. (2015). 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.Circulation, CIR-0000000000000336. Montalescot, G., Van't Hof, A. W., Lapostolle, F., Silvain, J., Lassen, J. F., Bolognese, L., ... Hammett, C. J. (2014). Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.New England Journal of Medicine,371(11), 1016-1027. Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Maas, M. L., Swanson, E. (2014).Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)-E-Book: Measurement of Health Outcomes. Elsevier Health Sciences. Morton, P. G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C. M., Gallo, B. M. (2017).Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Murphy, B. M., O'Higgins, R., Shand, L., Vincent-Smith, M., Jackson, A. C. (2016). Managing the cardiac blues in practice: a survey of Australian practitioners.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,11(5), 222-228. Nieswiadomy, R. M., Bailey, C. (2017).Foundations of nursing research. Pearson. Nkhoma, E., Ptaszynska, A., Gomez, A. (2016). Characterizing the Incidence of Heart Failure Following Hospitalizations for Acute Myocardial Infarction. O'Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., De Lemos, J. A., ... Granger, C. B. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,61(4), 485-510. Willerson, J. T., Holmes Jr, D. R. (Eds.). (2015).Coronary artery disease. Springer. Woods, S. L. (Ed.). (2010).Cardiac nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Organizational Learning Success

Introduction Many scholars have defined organizational learning while considering key areas such as knowledge creation, transfer and behavioral change or adjustment. A widely accepted definition is that organizational learning is an incessant process of knowledge creation and acquisition as well as transferring the same knowledge with an effect of causing behavioral modification.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The end result is that there shall be a display of a different knowledge as well as possibility of resulting to a product which is highly valued (Nielson, 1997, p. 2).  Focus has for a long time been given to the knowledge transfer flow from the highly developed and industrial western world. To the contrary, the Asian part of the world, which is a catch up region in technology and economical progress, has shown great progress dra wing attention from other parts of the world. It has been observed that these regions Especially, China has shown great economic progress not necessarily by adopting the learning experience of the western parts of the World but by employing and following other means. As a result there has been a new focus on the learning and management systems that are used in this part of the world. Objectives The objectives of the project is examine critically the analyze any differences between the learning process of the western world that has traditionally been used and other knowledge transfer from other parts of the non-western world, with China and its Chinese-firms both in China as a republic and its investments in other neighboring nations such as Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The main purpose of the project is to clearly provide information that will help investors with an intention of establishing and running successful business operations in that region. The managers are supposed to use this information to come up with organizational learning strategies that will focus on incorporating the local staff, thus creating feasibility in their business operations in this region. Literature Review Because of the success in development in the Asian region, there has been a keen interest from investment non-western investors focusing the strategies used by china in its operations. The observation has shown that these nations have progressed successfully economically for the last thirty years, despite the fact that an economic downturn hit the region. The progress did not come with simplicity of a natural happening, but as a response from policy makers in the region to consider a re-assessment of developmental strategies for the region while borrowing so much to the organizational learning and systems of learning employed in china and its firms in Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. Dierkes et al, (2003. P. 716) asserted that these firms have got a high level of resilience a s opposed to their main export competitors like Japan.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to resilience, the Chinese firms have shown an admirable level/degree of corporate flexibility and adoptability cushioning them against market fluctuations (Wolf, 2000, P. 8)  Scholars’ main concerns has been analysis of the viability of these Chinese and Chinese based firms to combat with social structural and frequent economic downturns in the region. Do these firms really have a competitive edge, with a generally accepted fact that they are small and medium sized firms? Can a focus be given to them shifting from the traditional western based learning and management systems? (Dierkes et al, 2003, p. 716). There is a new focus shift from the Large Firms to small and medium sized ones on Market. Characteristics of Chinese Based Firms Presently, Chinese based firms a re found in Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The firms are small and medium sized (Yeung et al. 2011, p. 34. In addition, these firms do not innovate in the processes of production but they imitate and use adoptive methods to compete in the market. As a result, they are characterized with a lack of significant access to advanced technologies and markets enjoyed by western based systems of Europe, Japan and USA (Dierkes et al, 2003, p. 716). Furthermore, the firms do not invest to a full extent in the field of research and development as do their highly competitive neighbors like Japan, instead most of their competitive edge comes from producing at live cycle phases of the products, although Jacobson Robertson point out that RD adopting has been proved that it has little technological revolution (2011, p. 274-275). Learning strategies and processes If these firms are small and medium in size, the biggest puzzle is then how do they gain entry to the competitive market and technology? They use adoptive and imitational methods to get the access (Yu, 2007). This has given them a competitive edge against the highly developed nations. The perspective is that these firms are late comers both in technology and to the markets. Chinese based firms create imitation and innovation through learning to learn the processes used by the western systems (Watkins Ehst, 2008, P. 4). Learning in networks Firms in these Chinese business regions of Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong create a network both locally and internationally with other established western systems. Since the firms are not innovative in nature, and owing to the fact that they are late comers to the technology and markets, they are subcontracted by large firms belonging to highly developed western systems to carry out production of high end goods. Through such contracts, Chinese firms and their allies acquire insights into the technology used its competitors, makes strategies to imitate and develop that technology to produce relatively high end goods for the market. Learning in this manner has the advantages of being quick and adoptive. This has highly enhanced their process of knowledge transfer, acquisition and utilization.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Organizational Learning Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inter-firm cooperation The firms in this region of the world being late comers to the technological world of production strive to make their products better through knowledge accumulation and internalization leading to knowledge of producing goods already on market. (Dierkes et al. 2003, p.721). There exist also strategic alliances. Strategic alliances The alliances have a specific target. The point of interest is that they are brand specific, that is, big name brands. It seems that they understood the effective computational edge both technologically and marketwise these brand names pose to t hem. The best way to compete therefore was to form alliances, not only alliances but strategic alliances so that they are subcontracted to produce on behalf of the big-name brands. This is evident in the Chinese mobile phone industry (Cheung, 2005, p. 267) Forming strategic alliances is also another learning strategy employed by Chinese firms as their Learning process. They target brand name leaders of through formation of joint ventures with these innovative Firms. Their governments also give them some support. Government support One way of fostering organizational learning is through support from a government. Asian economies of Taiwan and Singapore have experienced growth, due to the governments’ creation of a supportive environment, especially to human resources.  Human resource is the learning part, thus its availability and skill level impacts learning positively. It is also characteristic of the Governments in these regions to provide and create favorable organizatio nal learning conditions through provision of basic human resource training, provision and spreading required production and marketing knowledge and giving subsides to research and development targeting majorly, strategic industries and Firms for knowledge transfer. Despite this, these firms still face some barriers to organizational learning. Available techniques of learning in the region Subcontracting versus design/development and marketing/distribution They all lead to organizational learning except that design and development is usually employed by western based systems. The most available is subcontracting where the goods are produced based on an original-equipment license. An advantage of subcontracting is that it is cost effective, facilitates access to cheap labor and reduces unfair market competitions as opposed to design and development.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research and development versus imitation Research and development is geared to knowledge creation by taking a product through its life cycle. Learning can also be achieved through imitation of a product which is already at its life cycle stage. Although both lead to learning in an organization, RD takes a long time and therefore is not entirely suitable for catch up economies in Asia. Diffusion of technology versus human resource training Diffusion of technology involves the western systems that transfer knowledge to non-western systems like china and its firms through global networks. On the other hand, another available technique applicable in the region is creation of knowledge through training to create skilled human resource, in the field of foreign technology and market trends. The notable difference between the two is that human resource training lacks that ability to expose a learning organization to a hands-on experience in the long short term. Diffusion on the other hand, lacks active learning process of the local firms. Types or organizations found in the region As mentioned earlier, the firms based in china and its foreign establishments are small and medium sized enterprises. This does not entirely exclude the large firms. Small and medium scale firms are the most developed, toy firms, electronics, textiles and garments and foot ware. Barriers to organizational learning in the Chinese based firms Chinese enterprises are still in the catch up stages. Catch up strategy by imitation is an entirely favorable system particularly when the concern is directed to products that require advanced technology throughout their production. This is seen in the production of high end electronic good like computers and the software development industries, which require a specific path to complete the process of production. In this case, catch up Chinese firms have to reassess their crash research and development programs are known to lack the capability to duplica te a successful technology (Cheung, 2005, p.267).These firms have are vulnerable to under financing due to lack of technological underdevelopment thus they are exposed market fluctuations as compared to large enterprises found in Japan and South Korea. On the overseas perspective, Chinese firms In Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore lack access to advanced technology used by large western enterprises, as well as large advanced markets of enjoyed by the western based models of organizational learning. Conclusion It can be concluded that the success of Chinese firms lies in their resiliency to market fluctuations and their flexibility to adopt new technologies and market conquest by adopting imitational strategies as well as creation of networks both globally and locally with the advanced systems of the western world. Despite their success, they should review their research and development strategies for high end goods like computers and computer programs which require long term research and development goals for duplication of a successful technology. Also, linkage creation with firms that already have a firm foothold in the global economy should be nurtured since it creates an immediate oversight into global market paces and trends, as well as technology advancement. Besides, their strategies should be geared towards capacity building to exploit knowledge emerging opportunities available in these linkages. Reference List Cheung, C., 2005. Technology transfer and competition: The Mobile Handset Industry in post-WTO. Hamburg: Gabler Verlag. Dierkes, et al., 2003. Handbook of Organizational Learning Knowledge. NY: Oxford Publishers. Jacobson, D Robertson, L, 2011. Knowledge transfer and technology diffusion. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing limited. Neilson, R., 1997. Collaborative Technologies and Organizational Learning. London Idea Group Inc. Watkins, A.J. Ehst, M., 2008. Science and technology and innovation: capacity building for sustainable growth and pov erty reduction. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. Wolf, C., 2000. Asian Economic Trends and their Security Implications. Arlington: Rand Corporation. Yeung, et al., 2011. The Globalization of Chinese Companies: Strategies for Conquering International Markets. Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Yu, F.T., 2007. Taiwan’s economic transformation in evolutionary perspective: Entrepreneurship, innovation systems and government. NY: Nova Publishers. This critical writing on Organizational Learning Success was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Criminal Justice Essays - Searches And Seizures, Warrants

Criminal Justice Essays - Searches And Seizures, Warrants Criminal Justice Reason to Search The two vehicle stops were made for different reasons. The first vehicle, the white Toyota Camry, was stopped because it fit the description of a vehicle that was just used in a bank robbery. This gives the police probable cause that the vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity. According to Carroll v. United States that is sufficient reasoning for a stop (211). The second vehicle had the drivers side brake light out. This is sufficient cause to pull the vehicle over because that is a traffic violation. In Whren v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the true motivation of police officers in making traffic stops was irrelevant as long as they had probable cause to believe that a traffic law had been broken (211). I feel that both stops were justified and neither violated the rights of the suspects. Fitting the description of suspects and being in the general vicinity of the crime is adequate evidence to pull a vehicle over and check out the situation. The second stop was made because the driver had violated a traffic code. Since the vehicle is breaking this law the police have the right to pull over that vehicle. The officers even took the vehicle to the station to obtain a search warrant when the suspect objected. Both stops were done in a legal manner. The warrant less search of the white Toyota Camry was justified because the suspect did not say no when the officer asked to search the vehicle. The officer did not come right out and ask if he could search the trunk, but the suspect never objected. Instead the suspect begins to not cooperate which leads to more suspicion. The behavior of the suspects and the fact that neither suspects objected to the search is reason enough to for a warrant less search. If the suspects in the white Toyota Camry had been advised of their Miranda rights before the search of their vehicle then the police would have had to obtain a search warrant. But by denying the police the right to search your vehicle is almost implying guilt in itself. I think the only difference getting a search warrant would have done is prolonged the police finding the evidence in the trunk. Either way I think the situation would result in the police finding the rifle and the suspects getting arrested. If the officers had opened the trunk and found no evidence of the robbery then I think they could only take the suspects in for questioning. Since this questioning would be in an accusatory manner then the suspects would need to be advised of their Miranda rights. If the suspects exercised their right to an attorney then they would be advised to keep their mouths shut. Without evidence to incriminate the suspects then the suspects would be released and probably questioned again later. With the only basis for charging being that the suspects and their vehicle fit the description of those in a robbery then in all likelihood the suspects would not be charged.

Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay The process of restructuring the telecommunication sector truly got under way in Cameroon in June 1995, when the authorities decided thoroughly to reform network industry sectors such as water, electricity and telecommunications with a view to creating a favourable environment in which to develop their infrastructure and services and thus to satisfy increasingly exigent demand. The process took the form of liberalization, State withdrawal from the sectors concerned and the establishment of a  market structure enabling Cameroon to remain in step with the especially rapid global developments in the telecommunication sector; indeed, in spite of the investments made, the coverage rate and quality of service offered had remained largely inadequate. The process was carried out not only by defining the conditions and mechanisms liable to guarantee the sector’s opening to private initiative, but also by enacting regulations and taking measures intended to enable the sector to play the decisive role incumbent on it in Cameroon’s economic development. Telecommunication sector reform in Cameroon is not limited to the establishment of new regulations and legislation, to the revision of the institutional framework and the establishment of an interconnection regime or to the introduction of competition. It should also comprise bringing behaviour in line with the times. One of our chief concerns is therefore also effective application of the regulations with a view to fulfilling the universal service obligation, ensuring consumer protection and providing for effective and appropriate regulation of true competition. The acquisition of the required know-how is the biggest challenge we face. The institutional players on Cameroon’s telecommunications scene are, as in many other African countries, of the opinion that any society that delays in jumping on the NTIC train will remain mired in a state of underdevelopment. Before 1990, as in most African countries, telecommunication services were managed by a national publicly-owned monopoly. The administration in charge of telecommunications set the rules, ensured they were applied and was itself an operator. The results did not always live up to expectations. In June 1990, the President of the Republic signed the order on the programme to privatize public and semi-public enterprises. The telecommunication sector was added to the programme in June 1995. In July 1998, law 98/014 governing telecommunications in Cameroon (the Telecommunications Act) was promulgated. It established the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency and attributed sector responsibilities to a variety of players: the operation of  telecommunication networks to operators, regulatory matters, i.e. application of the rules and supervision of operators, to a regulatory body, the definition of sector policy and the enactment of market regulations to the telecommunication administration. In September of the same year, two public enterprises, CAMTEL for the fixed telephone service and CAMTEL MOBILE for the mobile telephone service, were set up to take over the telecommunication activities of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and of the public enterprise INTELCAM, which was in charge of operating and developing international telecommunication installations. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency was set up at the  same time. Immediately after, the sale of a mobile telephone licence and the process of privatizing CAMTEL and CAMTEL MOBILE got under way. In June 1999, a mobile telephone licence was granted to a private enterprise. The privatization of CAMTEL MOBILE was completed in February 2000. The privatization of CAMTEL is not yet complete. A third mobile telephone licence is to be issued. In less than two years, the sector has undergone sweeping change. Suffice it to mention one indicator: in January 2000 there was one mobile telephone operator with about 5 000 subscribers; on 31 March 2001 there were two operators with over 140 000 subscribers. This rapid and in-depth transformation is taking place within a constantly improving legal framework. The development of new technologies and liberalization have permitted access to new telecommunication services which, depending on their specific natures, require appropriate regulation. The Telecommunications Act sets forth a new regulatory framework, opening the telecommunication sector to competition. The framework, which distinguishes between public and private networks, provides for three legal arrangements: concessions, authorizations  and declarations. The State can grant one or several public or private corporate bodies all or part of its rights to establish and/or operate telecommunication networks. The concession is subject to strict compliance with the requirements set forth in a list of terms and conditions. This arrangement allows the State not only to keep a watchful eye on the harmonious development of modern telecommunication infrastructure, but also and above all to heighten its control over the development and supply of the basic services and facilities us ually demanded by the majority of users. The arrangement of prior authorization applies to the establishment and/or operation of telecommunication networks by physical persons or corporate bodies with a view to providing the public with a basic telecommunication service, a value-added service, a bearer service or any other service by using one or several radio frequencies. A list of terms and conditions containing the requirements to be met is attached to the licence issued to the bearer of a prior authorization. The authorization is issued for a fixed period and can be withdrawn under certain circumstances. Declarations apply to the establishment of private internal networks, low-range and low-capacity private independent networks (that are not radio networks), low-range and low-capacity radio installations (to be determined  by the Administration), and the provision to the public of telecommunication services other than those subject to the arrangements of concession and authorization. Telecommunication terminal equipment is either freely provided or subject to type-approval. Certain provisions of the Telecommunications Act are detailed in decrees and implementing legislation. We shall not examine all of them here; indeed, some of them are still being drafted. The reform in Cameroon established the separation between the regulatory and operating functions. It works in favour of operators being entities controlled by private capital. The general framework for competition is governed by legislation on competition. The legal framework is supplemented by institutions. A revised institutional framework The telecommunication administration Spectrum management and the legislation and regulations relating to telecommunications are the exclusive domain of the State. The telecommunication administration has been invested, on behalf of the government, with general jurisdiction over the sector. It sets the general regulatory framework. It therefore establishes and implements telecommunication sector policy, whose aim must be to safeguard the missions of public service, to promote harmonious network development throughout the national territory and effective private sector participation in the sector’s wealth and employment-generating activities, and to ensure compliance by all operators with the applicable treaties, laws and regulations. In addition, the administration supervises the telecommunication sector, oversees public telecommunication enterprises, represents the State at international telecommunication-related organizations and events, and manages the radio spectrum on behalf of the State. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency, which technically answers to the telecommunication administration, is the specialized body in charge of  facilitating actual application of the regulations issued. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency The organization of the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency established by the Telecommunications Act is set forth in decree No. 98/197 of 8 September 1998. The Agency has three main duties: – to ensure the regulations are implemented; – to guarantee respect for the regulations and the exercise of competition; – to settle certain disputes between operators. The Agency’s regulatory authority is subject to performance of the following activities: – definition of the principles governing tariffs for services; – examination of requests for authorization and declaration and of type-approval files for terminal equipment to be connected to public networks; – establishment of principles for calculating interconnection costs; – establishment and management of numbering plans; – management of the frequencies attributed to telecommunications; – submission to the government of proposals aimed at developing and modernizing the sector; – opinions on draft legislative and regulatory texts concerning telecommunications; control and penalties for infractions. The Agency is specifically competent to settle disputes concerning interconnection, access to a public network, numbering, cases of harmful interference, and sharing of infrastructure. The Telecommunications Act provides the Agency with a quasi-judicial body and an arbitration procedure can be set in motion should one or the other of the parties be opposed. The parties remain free to bring their case before the competent court. Human resources are the key to management and progress, for they have knowledge, that rarest of economic commodities in the 21st century. The current transition from a monopoly environment to that of controlled competition has given rise to new demands in terms of basic knowledge and know- how in telecommunication regulation. Telecommunication leaders and staff in Cameroon were still dealing with the transition from analogue to digital when circuit switching was suddenly replaced by packet switching. This recent change has reshaped the concept and definition of telecommunication networks and services. Everything must therefore be done to make sure the human resources acquire the skills they need for their own development and that of companies, which create wealth for the well-being of peoples. The Ecole Nationale Supà ©rieure des Postes et Tà ©là ©communications, an independent facility run by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, provides basic instruction in telecommunications and ICT to technicians (technical and operating staff), supervising technicians (operating technicians and supervisors) and senior technical managers (works engineers and operating inspectors). It plans to organize standing professional certification for the staff of public and private enterprises and of the public administrations in charge of telecommunications and ICT. Cameroon has always been present and active in regional and international telecommunication organizations. It is a member of the Administrative Councils of both the African Telecommunication Union (ATU) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It has had very few bilateral exchanges of experience and information with other African countries. The ineffectiveness of regional (ATU) and subregional organizations (CAPTAC) has precluded the launch at subregional level of cooperation activities aimed at developing telecommunications in Cameroon. At the international level, ITU  has not been closely involved in telecommunication sector reform. In the past eight years, it has provided some technical assistance but otherwise almost no support for telecommunication development projects in Cameroon, possibly because the Area Office in Yaoundà © is not functioning. The capacities of the Area Office in Yaoundà © should be reinforced. Its main duties should be: – To disseminate ITU documents and information in the area. For this, it should have the means required to provide the documentation centres of the main players in each of the area’s countries with the documents and books needed to acquire knowledge in telecommunications and ICT, for most of the sector’s African managers will have to teach themselves. In this respect, hard as opposed to electronic copies remain invaluable in Africa. Analysis of Barclays Bank. (2016, Jun 07).

The Dangers of Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Dangers of Water Pollution - Essay Example Heavy metals can leach into the water supply when it comes into contact with the drinking water as it is transported from the source to the faucet. The effects can range from a mild inconvenience to serious health problems in humans. It can cause a mildly upset stomach or may result in a terminal illness. Animals and fish, even more sensitive to many pollutants and these toxins, can be placed at risk when the ecological system of our rivers and lakes is disrupted. Whatever form the water pollution takes, it is certain to threaten the food supply, damage recreation areas, and be a major threat to human health. When toxic chemicals leach or are spilled into the water system the wildlife that depends on that supply suffers. In the case of an oil spill from a tanker, the results are fast and obvious. Wildlife, fish, and birds are immediately threatened with the crude oil sludge. The oily sludge permeates their fur and feathers handicapping any hope of the animal's survival. This form of pollution is highly visible and causes damage that can be easily measured and evaluated. We can readily see the animals die as they encounter this water pollution. However, other types of pollution that threaten our wildlife are not so readily apparent. Industrial chemicals that leach into our water supply, streams, and lakes may not be visible to the human eye. They may not kill fish instantly as the fish survive the moderate levels of the toxins that are present. Many industrial pollutants, however, build up in the fish and wildlife over time. PCBs, a known carcinogen that has been banned, continues to pers ist in our environment and water supply (Environmental Defense Fund, 2006). Dioxin and heavy metals also have a long term poisoning effect on the fish. When a human eats the contaminated fish, they ingest the pollutants that have been stored in the fish. Consuming this source of food on a regular basis can cause severe health problems and lead to death. Water pollution will eventually poison not only the fish, but also the birds that feed on the fish and the prey that feeds on the birds. This will cause a widespread contamination of our environment and result in many of our food sources being unavailable or unhealthy to eat. Often times when wastewater from a sewage system is improperly discharged into the environment it contaminates a public area that is used for swimming or recreation. This contaminated wastewater carries potentially dangerous viruses, parasites, and bacteria with it. The U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) lists over 20 different types of biological agents known to pollute recreational areas (Nester, Anderson, Roberts, Pearsall, & Nester, 2001). The effects of these waterborne pathogens can be as mild as a case of diarrhea or as serious as meningitis. High fever, liver infection, and birth defects have been traced to water pollution caused by contaminated wastewater discharged into a public lake or beach (Nester et al, 2001). Though these contaminates do occasionally foul our drinking water supply, the most likely contact the public has is at a common recreational area. The CDC documents all reported cases of illness caused by polluted water and found during the period of 1995-1996 of the 12000 cases of disease caused by contaminated water, a full 75 percent were contracted in a public beach or swimming facility (Nester et al, 2001). These statistics show not only the seriousness of the

You Decide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You Decide - Coursework Example The best product offering for this market segment would be the family portraits with a choice between an office one and one for home use. The reasoning behind this is that the corporate executives are busy people who rarely have time for home issues. Having a portrait that shows a whole family at the office could be just what these people would love to have to remind them of home. Choosing a product offering for any market segment must consider the needs, preferences, lifestyles, habits, ability to buy and the value it gives the customer (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). High end customers are difficult to understand because of varied preferences and customization may be required in many instances (Mullins & Walker, 2010). An online value proposition answers the questions: who are we, what do we offer, who we serve and what makes us unique? The online value proposition is more than a proposition as it shows what a firm can offer using content, products, services and or experiences to engage online customers (Kurtz, 2008). The company should use its unique technology as its online selling proposition. A variety of portraits should be availed on the website showing various product offerings with different versions of the same portrait available. The website should also give the executives an opportunity to make fast, secure payments for the portraits on the website Brand equity represents an intangible asset for any company and depends on the associations made by the customers. Strong brand equity ensures a more stable stream of income, increases cash flow and is an asset that can be sold (Pride & Ferrel, 2010). Brand equity can be built basing on financials or on consumers. Our Town Photography Studio brand equity should focus on building consumer loyalty in the brand. When people especially the executives have a strong liking for the firms products, chances are